Van Allen radiation belt "Impact on space travel"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt

Solar cells, integrated circuits, and sensors can be damaged by radiation. Geomagnetic storms occasionally damage electronic components on spacecraft. Miniaturization and digitization of electronics and logic circuits have made satellites more vulnerable to radiation, as incoming ions may be as large as the circuit's charge. Electronics on satellites must be hardened against radiation to operate reliably. The Hubble Space Telescope, among other satellites, often has its sensors turned off when passing through regions of intense radiation.[citation needed]

Missions beyond low earth orbit leave the protection of the geomagnetic field, and transit the Van Allen belts. Thus they may need to be shielded against exposure to cosmic rays, Van Allen radiation, or solar flares.
An astronaut shielded by 3 mm of aluminium in an elliptic orbit passing through the radiation belt will receive about 2,500 rem (25 Sv) per year.[6]

Van Allen radiation belt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt

The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, held in place by Earth's magnetic field. Earth's geomagnetic field is not uniformly distributed around its surface. On the sun side, it is compressed because of the solar wind and on the other side, it is elongated to around three earth radii. This creates a cavity called the Chapman Ferraro Cavity, in which the Van Allen radiation belts reside. The Van Allen belts are closely related to the polar aurora where particles strike the upper atmosphere and fluoresce.
The possibility of trapped charged particles had previously been investigated by Kristian Birkeland, Carl Størmer, and Nicholas Christofilos[1] prior to the Space Age. The existence of the belt was confirmed by the Explorer 1 and Explorer 3 missions in early 1958, under Dr. James Van Allen at the University of Iowa. The trapped radiation was first mapped out by Sputnik 3, Explorer 4, Pioneer 3 and Luna 1.
Energetic electrons form two distinct radiation belts, while protons essentially form a single belt.
In addition to protons and electrons, the belts contain lesser amounts of other nuclei, such as alpha particles.
The term Van Allen belts refers specifically to the radiation belts surrounding Earth; however, similar radiation belts have been discovered around other planets. The Sun does not support long-term radiation belts. The Earth's atmosphere limits the belts' particles to regions above 200–1,000 km,[2] while the belts do not extend past 7 Earth radii RE.[2] The belts are confined to an area which extends about 65°[2] from the celestial equator.
An upcoming NASA mission, Radiation Belt Storm Probes will go further and gain scientific understanding (to the point of predictability) of how populations of relativistic electrons and ions in space form or change in response to changes in solar activity and the solar wind.
Several NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts–funded studies are exploring whether it might be possible to use magnetic scoops to collect the antimatter that occurs naturally in the Van Allen belts of Earth, and ultimately, the belts of gas giants like Jupiter, hopefully at a lower cost per gram than laboratory production of antimatter.[3]

Hypothesis of rainfall

Lately has appeared another explanation to which they give the name of ' Hypothesis of rainfall ' according to which, the energy liberated during the formation of our planet warmed part of the material, forming a warm and dense atmosphere, especially composed by steams of metal and oxides. These were spreading about the planet and, on having cooled, precipitated the particles of dust that, once condensed, gave origin to the only satellite of the Earth.

Hypothesis of impact

The hypothesis of the impact seems preferred at present. He supposes that our satellite was formed after the collision against the Earth of a body of approximately the seventh one of the size of our planet. The impact did that gigantic blocks of matter were jumping to the space for later and, by means of a process of acreción similar to which formed the rocky planets near the Sun, to generate the Moon.

The most doubtful of this theory is that too many united coincidences would be have to give. L probability of striking with an errant star was very high to the beginning of the Solar System. More difficult it is that the collision was not disintegrating totally the planet and that the fragments were it sufficiently big as to be able to generate a satellite.

The theory of the impact has been reproduced by help of computers, simulating a shock with an object which size would be equivalent to that of Mars, and that, with a speed lower than the 50.000 km/h, would make the formation of a satellite possible.

Hypothesis of Creation binary

The hypothesis of the binary Creation supposes the formation at the same time both of the Earth and of the Moon, from the same material and in the same zone of the solar System. In favour of this theory there is the radioactive datación of the lunar rocks brought to our planet for the diverse spatial missions, which date between 4.500 and 4.600 million years the lunar, age approximately the age of the Earth.

Since disadvantage we have that, if the two were created in the same place and with the same matter: how is it possible that both possess chemical so different composition and a density?. In the Moon it abounds the titanium and the exotic compounds, not so abundant elements in our planet at least in the most superficial zone.

Hypothesis of fission

The hypothesis of fission supposes that originally the Earth and the Moon were one only body and that it departs from the mass it was expelled, due to the instability caused by the strong rotating acceleration that on that moment was experimenting our planet. The desinterested part "remained" part of the angular moment of the initial system and, therefore, it continued in rotation that, with the passage of time, synchronized with his period of adjournment.

It is believed that the zone that became detached corresponds to the Pacific Ocean, which has approximately 180 million square kilometres and with an average depth of 4.049 meters. Nevertheless, the detractors of this hypothesis think to be able to separate such an important portion of our planet, this one should have rotated to a such speed that was giving a return in only 3 hours. So fabulous speed seems to be impossible. Because with her the Earth had not been formed on having presented an excess at the moment angular.

Strange photos of the moon

Spaceship ?














Area clementine and Strange objects...

















Symbol on moon?
















Landstrip?